Endangered Species Program

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Status Keys

EXTINCT (EX)
A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form.

EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW)
A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form.

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)
A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Red List Categories and Criteria booklet for details) and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

ENDANGERED (EN)
A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Red List Categories and Criteria booklet for details), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.

VULNERABLE (VU)
A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Red List Categories and Criteria booklet for details), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.

Threat Listing

1. Habitat Loss/Degradation (human induced)

1.1. Agriculture

1.1.1. Crops

1.1.1.1. Shifting agriculture

1.1.1.2. Small-holder farming

1.1.1.3. Agro-industry farming

1.1.2. Wood plantations

1.1.2.1. Small-scale

1.1.2.2. Large-scale

1.1.3. Non-timber plantations

1.1.3.1. Small-scale

1.1.3.2. Large-scale

1.1.4. Livestock

1.1.4.1. Nomadic

1.1.4.2. Small-holder

1.1.4.3. Agro-industry

1.1.5. Abandonment

1.1.6. Marine aquaculture

1.1.7. Freshwater aquaculture

1.1.8. Other

1.1.9. Unknown

1.2. Land management of non-agricultural areas

1.2.1. Abandonment

1.2.2. Change of management regime

1.2.3. Other

1.2.4. Unknown

1.3. Extraction

1.3.1. Mining

1.3.2. Fisheries

1.3.2.1. Subsistence

1.3.2.2. Artisinal/small-scale

1.3.2.3. Large-scale/industrial

1.3.3. Wood

1.3.3.1. Small-scale subsistence

1.3.3.2. Selective logging

1.3.3.3. Clear-cutting

1.3.4. Non-woody vegetation collection

1.3.5. Coral removal

1.3.6. Groundwater extraction

1.3.7. Other

1.3.8. Unknown

1.4. Infrastructure development

1.4.1. Industry

1.4.2. Human settlement

1.4.3. Tourism/recreation

1.4.4. Transport - land/air

1.4.5. Transport � water

1.4.6. Dams

1.4.7. Telecommunications

1.4.8. Power lines

1.4.9. Other

1.4.10. Unknown

1.5. Invasive alien species (directly impacting habitat)

1.6. Change in native species dynamics (directly impacting habitat)

1.7. Fires

1.8. Other causes

1.9. Unknown causes

2. Invasive alien species (directly affecting the species)

2.1. Competitors

2.2. Predators

2.3. Hybridizers

2.4. Pathogens/parasites

2.5. Other

2.6. Unknown

3. Harvesting [hunting/gathering]

3.1. Food

3.1.1. Subsistence use/local trade

3.1.2. Sub-national/national trade

3.1.3. Regional/international trade

3.2. Medicine

3.2.1. Subsistence use/local trade

3.2.2. Sub-national/national trade

3.2.3. Regional/international trade

3.3. Fuel

3.3.1. Subsistence use/local trade

3.3.2. Sub-national/national trade

3.3.3. Regional/international trade

3.4. Materials

3.4.1. Subsistence use/local trade

3.4.2. Sub-national/national trade

3.4.3. Regional/international trade

3.5. Cultural/scientific/leisure activities

3.5.1. Subsistence use/local trade

3.5.2. Sub-national/national trade

3.5.3. Regional/international trade

3.6. Other

3.7. Unknown

4. Accidental mortality

4.1. Bycatch

4.1.1. Fisheries-related

4.1.1.1. Hooking

4.1.1.2. Netting

4.1.1.3. Entanglement

4.1.1.4. Dynamite

4.1.1.5. Poisoning

4.1.2. Terrestrial

4.1.2.1. Trapping/snaring/netting

4.1.2.2. Shooting

4.1.2.3. Poisoning

4.1.3. Other

4.1.4. Unknown

4.2. Collision

4.2.1. Pylon and building collision

4.2.2. Vehicle collision

4.2.3. Other

4.2.4. Unknown

4.3. Other

4.4. Unknown

5. Persecution

5.1. Pest control

5.2. Other

5.3. Unknown

6. Pollution (affecting habitat and/or species)

6.1. Atmospheric pollution

6.1.1. Global warming/oceanic warming

6.1.2. Acid precipitation

6.1.3. Ozone hole effects

6.1.4. Smog

6.1.5. Other

6.1.6. Unknown

6.2. Land pollution

6.2.1. Agricultural

6.2.2. Domestic

6.2.3. Commercial/Industrial

6.2.4. Other non-agricultural

6.2.5. Light pollution

6.2.6. Other

6.2.7. Unknown

6.3. Water pollution

6.3.1. Agricultural

6.3.2. Domestic

6.3.3. Commercial/Industrial

6.3.4. Other non-agricultural

6.3.5. Thermal pollution

6.3.6. Oil slicks

6.3.7. Sediment

6.3.8. Sewage

6.3.9. Solid waste

6.3.10. Noise pollution

6.3.11. Other

6.3.12. Unknown

7. Natural disasters

7.1. Drought

7.2. Storms/flooding

7.3. Temperature extremes

7.4. Wildfire

7.5. Volcanoes

7.6. Avalanches/landslides

7.7. Other

7.8. Unknown

8. Changes in native species dynamics

8.1. Competitors

8.2. Predators

8.3. Prey/food base

8.4. Hybridizers

8.5. Pathogens/parasites

8.6. Mutualisms

8.7. Other

8.8. Unknown

9. Intrinsic Factors

9.1. Limited dispersal

9.2. Poor recruitment/reproduction/regeneration

9.3. High juvenile mortality

9.4. Inbreeding

9.5. Low densities

9.6. Skewed sex ratios

9.7. Slow growth rates

9.8. Population fluctuations

9.9. Restricted range

9.10. Other

9.11. Unknown

10. Human disturbance

10.1. Recreation/tourism

10.2. Research

10.3. War/civil unrest

10.4. Transport

10.5. Fire

10.6. Other

10.7. Unknown

11. Other

12. Unknown